>> AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER FOUNDATION, ENERGY FOR A BRIGHTER FUTURE.

AND BY VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.

>> I AM DR. FREDERIC BERTLEY, LET'S TALK ABOUT SCIENCE.

>> PRODUCTION FUNDING FOR QED WITH DR. B IS PROVIDED BY -- >> S.T.E.M.

WAS A PART OF OUR FOUNDING, WE BELIEVE THE BUILDING AND INSTITUTE THAT WOULD BETTER SOCIETY THROUGH THE USE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

WE WILL HIT A GOAL OF 1 MILLION STUDENTS PER YEAR AROUND THE COUNTRY.

>>> AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER FOUNDATION, ENERGY FOR A BRIGHTER FUTURE.

AND BY VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.

>> I AM DR. FREDERIC BERTLEY.

WELCOME TO QED WITH DR. B.

LET'S TALK ABOUT SCIENCE.

>> WE ARE TALKING ABOUT MOTION, WE ALL HAVE EMOTIONS, WE THINK WE KNOW A LOT ABOUT THEM.

YOU OFTEN HEAR PEOPLE TALKING ABOUT GETTING IN TOUCH WITH THEIR EMOTIONS, HAVING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE.

THERE IS A LOT MORE TO EMOTIONS THAN THAT.

>> SCIENTIFICALLY, EMOTIONS ARE COMPLICATED.

>> I AM LOOKING FORWARD TO LEARNING MORE ABOUT EMOTIONS FROM A SCIENTIST.

LATER IN THE SHOW, WE WILL EXPLORE HOW SCIENTISTS ARE STUDYING A MOTION.

AND WE WILL HEAR ABOUT EMOTIONS CHANGE AS WE AGE.

FIRST, LET'S UNRAVEL SOME OF THE MYTHS.

>> AND WE WILL LEARN ABOUT HOW OUR EMOTIONS ARE LEARNED AND CAN BE CONTROLLED.

TO FIND EMOTIONS AND SOME MYTHS SURROUNDING THEM.

>> YOU HAVE FOUND OUT THAT THERE ARE MYTHS WHEN IT COMES TO THIS FIELD.

>> THERE IS A BELIEF THAT WE COME INTO THE WORLD WITH A LIZARD BRAIN, INSTINCTS, FEEDING, FIGHTING, MAKING.

AND THEN, WE COME WITH THESE IN A EMOTIONS AND A PART OF THE BRAIN THAT WRAPS AROUND THIS LIZARD BRAIN.

AND THEN THE PART OF THE BRAIN THAT IS REALLY LARGE, RATIONALITY.

NONE OF THAT IS TRUE.

THE EVIDENCE IS CLEAR, OUR BRAIN DOES NOT FUNCTION THAT WAY.

YOU DO NOT HAVE A LIZARD BRAIN.

YOU DO NOT HAVE AN EIGHT EMOTIONS CIRCUITS.

>> HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE THE TERM EMOTION?

>> SCIENTISTS SAY PEOPLE EXPERIENCE EMOTIONS AND NO ONE DISPUTES THIS.

BUT NOBODY CAN AGREE ON HOW TO DEFINE AN EMOTION.

WHAT I WOULD SAY, AN EMOTION IS NO DIFFERENT THAN ANY OTHER MENTAL EVENT YOU EXPERIENCE IN YOUR LIFE.

YOUR BRAIN HAS A MAIN JOB TO CONTROL THE SYSTEMS OF YOUR BODY AND MAKE SENSE OF WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE YOUR BODY IN RELATION TO WHAT IS HAPPENING AROUND YOU IN THE WORLD.

SO, THE SAME RACING HEART CAN BE A PART OF ANGER, IT CAN BE A PART OF SADNESS, IT CAN BE A PART OF HAPPINESS.

IT CAN BE AN INDICATION THAT YOU HAVE HAD TOO MUCH COFFEE TO DRINK, IT CAN MEAN YOU ARE RUNNING UP THE STAIRS, THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE IN A RACING THE BRAIN MAKES IT MEANINGFUL IN A PSYCHOLOGICAL SENSE.

YOUR BRAIN HAS TO MAKE IT MEANINGFUL AS AN EMOTION BY KNITTING TOGETHER DIFFERENT SIGNALS FROM WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE THE BODY AND OUTSIDE IN THE WORLD.

THAT IS WHAT AN EMOTION IS.

THAT SOUNDS GENERAL AND IT IS.

THAT IS WHAT I THOUGHT IS.

IT ALSO DESCRIBES WHAT PERCEPTION IS.

THERE IS NOT ANY DIFFERENCE IN THOSE EXPERIENCES.

TO US, THEY FEEL SUSTAINED.

THE SAME PARTS OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE BEING USED.

>> ARE EMOTIONS DIFFERENT THAN FEELINGS?

>> SOME SCIENTISTS DEFINE EMOTIONS AS FEELINGS AND SOME DO NOT.

I WOULD SAY THAT THERE ARE A SET OF FEELINGS THAT ARE ALWAYS WITH YOU ALL THE TIME, WHETHER YOU ARE EMOTIONAL OR NOT.

THE MAIN JOB OF YOUR BRAIN IS TO REGULATE THE DOZENS AND DOZENS OF SYMPTOMS IN YOUR BODY.

AS YOU AND I ARE TALKING, AND OUR AUDIENCE IS LISTENING, EACH OF US HAS A DRAMA GOING INSIDE OUR BODIES THAT HAS TO BE COORDINATED.

YOUR BRAIN IS DOING THAT ALL THE TIME.

AS IT IS HAPPENING, YOUR BODY IS SENDING INFORMATION BACK TO THE BRAIN ABOUT THE STATE OF YOUR HEART, YOUR LUNGS, YOUR NERVOUS SYSTEM, AS SIMPLE FEELINGS, UNPLEASANT, WORKED UP, CALM, THESE ARE WHAT SCIENTISTS CALL AFFECT.

WE CALL IT MOOD COLLOQUIALLY.

THAT IS WITH YOU EVERY MOMENT OF YOUR LIFE.

THOSE FEELINGS CAN BE A PART OF EMOTIONS BUT THEY CAN ALSO EXIST ON THEIR OWN.

>> WE ARE NOT BORED WITH THESE EMOTIONS.

HOW DO THEY DEVELOP?

>> THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST STARTLING AND REALLY COOL DISCOVERIES.

A NEWBORN BRAIN IS NOT A MINIATURE ADULT BRAIN.

IT IS A BRAIN THAT IS NOT FINISHED AND IT IS WAITING FOR WIRING INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE SURROUNDING WORLD.

FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN A BABY IS BORN, THEY CANNOT SEE.

THE VISUAL SYSTEM IS NOT FINISHED.

THE BRAIN WIRES ITSELF, LITERALLY, TO THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE BABY'S EYES.

THE BRAIN IS RECEIVING WIRE INSTRUCTION FROM THE BABY'S BODY AND ALSO FROM THE WORLD.

PART OF THAT WORLD IS OTHER PEOPLE WHO INTERACT WITH THE BABY.

ALL OF THESE THINGS THAT THE BABY IS EXPOSED TO WIRES IT'S THIS IS HOW INFORMATION CAN TRANSFER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT WITHOUT GENES.

IT IS CALLED CULTURAL INHERITANCE.

THIS IS HAPPENING THROUGHOUT YOUR ENTIRE LIFE.

IT IS VERY POTENT IN THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LIFE.

>> I HAVE HEARD YOU TALK ABOUT BEING AN ARCHITECT OF YOUR OWN EXPERIENCE.

CAN YOU EXPLAIN THAT PHRASE?

>> EMOTIONS DON'T HAPPEN TO YOU, THEY ARE MADE BY YOU, THEY ARE MADE BY YOUR BRAIN.

NOBODY HAS AS MUCH CONTROL AS THEY WANT TO HAVE.

THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN HOW MUCH CONTROL PEOPLE HAVE.

BECAUSE OF LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES.

SOME PEOPLE HAVE MORE CHOICE THAN OTHER PEOPLE.

EVERYBODY HAS A LITTLE BIT MORE CONTROL THAN THEY REALIZE.

YOUR BRAIN IS AUTOMATICALLY USING PAST EXPERIENCES TO PREDICT THE FUTURE.

THAT BECOMES YOUR PRESENT.

YOU MAY NOT HAVE CONTROL OVER WHAT WAS ORIGINALLY WIRED INTO YOUR BRAIN BUT YOU CAN CULTIVATE NEW EXPERIENCES FOR YOURSELF NOW THAT CAN CHANGE THE PREDICTIONS THAT YOUR BRAIN WILL AUTOMATICALLY MAKE IN THE FUTURE.

IT IS LIKE, ANY KIND OF SKILL BUILDING.

WHEN YOU STARTED TO LEARN TO DRIVE, IT TOOK A LOT OF CONCENTRATION BUT WITH PRACTICE IT BECAME PRETTY AUTOMATIC.

YOU CAN TRAIN YOUR BRAIN TO PREDICT DIFFERENTLY IN THE FUTURE.

THAT IS A KIND OF CONTROL OVER YOUR EXPERIENCE THAT MAYBE YOU DID NOT REALIZE YOU HAD.

SOMETIMES WE ARE RESPONSIBLE TO CHANGE THINGS, NOT BECAUSE -- BECAUSE WE ARE THE ONLY ONES WHO CAN.

THAT CHANGE IS OFTEN HARDER THAN WE WANT IT TO BE AND IT OFTEN TAKES LONGER THAN WE WANT IT TO TAKE.

BUT IT IS POSSIBLE.

>> LISTENING TO THIS INTERVIEW, IT IS INTERESTING HOW SHE SAID YOU CAN LEARN TO CONTROL SOME OF YOUR PROGRAMMING AND YOUR EMOTIONS.

JUST LIKE ANY OTHER SKILL, YOU CAN BUILD YOUR EMOTIONAL SKILLS.

>> WE HEARD OF EMOTIONAL IQ, CONTROL YOUR EMOTIONS, BUT WE ACTUALLY CAN DEVELOP THAT SKILL.

A LOT OF PEOPLE DO NOT REALIZE IT.

>> WE MAY THINK WE KNOW A LOT ABOUT EMOTIONS BUT THERE ARE ENTIRE FIELDS OF STUDY DEVOTED TO UNDERSTANDING HUMAN EMOTION.

IN OUR NEXT INTERVIEW, WE SPOKE TO A RESEARCHER WHO IS USING ANIMALS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND OUR EMOTIONS.

>> A LOT OF NEW AND EXCITING RESEARCH IS BEING DONE AROUND EMOTIONS.

IT IS HARD TO STUDY AND QUANTIFY.

ONE GROUP OUT OF COW -- --CAL TECH STUDYING ANIMAL MOTIONS.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHALLENGES OF STUDYING EMOTIONS?

>> EVERYBODY HAS A DIFFERENT IDEA OF WHAT EMOTIONS ARE AND NOBODY CAN AGREE ON WHAT THE DEFINITION SHOULD BE.

THEY ARE HARD TO MEASURE BECAUSE FUNDAMENTALLY, THERE IS SOMETHING YOU CANNOT SEE, YOU CAN GUESS, BUT YOU CANNOT DIRECTLY MEASURE.

>> HOW DO YOU DEFINE THE TERM EMOTION?

>> MY DEFINITION DOES NOT INCLUDE SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS, WHICH IS HOW MOST PEOPLE THINK OF EMOTIONS.

IF WE THINK OF THE BRAIN 'S EMOTION FUNCTION AS AN MOTION IS JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG.

ABOVE THE SEA OF CONSCIOUSNESS.

THERE IS A BIG PART OF THE ICEBERG IN THE BRAIN, UNDER THE WATER, THAT WE TRY TO UNDERSTAND.

THOSE ARE FUNDAMENTALLY BRAIN STATES, THEY CHANGE THE WAY YOUR BRAIN REACTS TO A PARTICULAR STIMULUS.

SLEEP IS AN EXAMPLE.

WHEN YOU ARE ASLEEP, YOU MAY NOT HEAR A PIN DROP ON THE FLOOR.

BUT YOU WOULD HEAR SOMEBODY BLOW A CAR HORN THAT WAS LOUD ENOUGH.

WHEN YOU ARE AWAKE, YOU HEAR BOTH.

EMOTIONS CHANGE THE WAY YOUR BRAIN INTERPRETS THE OUTSIDE WORLD AND WHAT IT TELLS YOU TO DO WITH INFORMATION FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD.

>> YOUR TEAM IS WORKING TO QUANTIFY AND MEASURE THE MOTIONS.

BY STUDYING VARIOUS TYPES OF ANIMALS.

WHY ARE YOU STUDYING SO MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANIMALS?

>> WE COME BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN.

THEY CAME ABOUT THROUGH EVOLUTION, BY NATURAL SELECTION.

THAT MEANS, IF WE STUDY OTHER ANIMALS, WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE PIECES OF EMOTIONS OR EVOLUTIONARY PRECURSORS OF EMOTIONS.

THAT DEVELOPED ALONG THE WAY, LEADING TO US.

IT IS NOT LIKE EMOTIONS SUDDENLY APPEARED ALL AT ONCE WITH THE ADVENT OF HUMAN BEINGS.

WHY DO WE WANT TO STUDY ANIMALS?

IF YOU STUDY ONLY HUMANS, YOU PUT PEOPLE IN BRAIN SCANNERS AND ASKED THEM HOW THEY FEEL.

THEY FEEL AFRAID IF YOU SHOW THEM A SCARY MOVIE.

USED IN THE BRAIN AND MAY SEE SOME ACTIVITY LIGHTING UP IN A CERTAIN PART OF THE BRAIN.

THAT IS JUST CORRELATION.

IT DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE BRAIN ACTIVITY IS PRODUCING A MOTION.

IT COULD BE THAT EMOTION IS PRODUCING THE BRAIN ACTIVITY, OR THAT SOMETHING ELSE IS PRODUCING BOTH OF THEM.

THE ONLY WAY TO DETERMINE WHAT IS CAUSING WHAT IS TO BE ABLE TO GET INTO THE BRAIN AND INTERVENE.

CHANGE THE PATTERN OF YOUR OWN ACTIVITY.

AND SEE IF THAT CHANGES THE MOTION STATE.

IF IT DOES, YOU CAN SAY THAT THE BRAIN ACTIVITY IS CAUSING THE MOTION STATE.

ANIMALS ALLOW US TO INTERVENE IN THE BRAIN IN WAYS THAT WE CANNOT DO IN HUMANS.

>> HOW DO YOU KNOW A FRUIT FLY IS ANGRY?

>> YOU CAN WATCH THE BEHAVIOR OF ANIMALS.

FOR EXAMPLE, BOTH DOGS AND CATS LIKE TO ROLL ON THEIR BACKS WITH THEIR BELLY IN THE AIR WHEN YOU COME OVER TO THEM.

THAT IS ALMOST A UNIVERSAL GESTURE OF SUBMISSION IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

THAT IS THEIR WAY OF SAYING, I AM NOT A THREAT, I AM NOT GOING TO HURT YOU, DON'T ATTACK ME.

WE CAN INFER FROM THAT TYPE OF BEHAVIOR THAT THERE IS SOME SORT OF STATE UNDERLYING IT.

IF WE SEE THESE THINGS THAT ARE SHARED ACROSS MANY ANIMALS, WE SEE THAT THEY LAST A LONG TIME, THEY CAN BE STRONGER OR WEAKER, THEN WE CAN SAY, HERE IS SOME OBJECTIVE FEATURES THAT TELL ME ABOUT WHAT THE ANIMAL IS DOING AND HOW THE ANIMAL IS DOING IT.

WE STILL DO NOT HAVE A SPECIFIC TEST THAT WE CAN DO TO MEASURE AN EMOTION STATE IN AN ANIMAL.

SO OUR MEASUREMENTS OF EMOTIONS ARE INDIRECT AND MAY INVOLVE LOOKING AT THE CONSOLATION, A SET OF FEATURES.

>> WHAT OUTCOMES DO YOU HOPE THIS RESEARCH LEADS TO?

>> WHAT I HOPE IT WILL LEAD TO IS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW ANIMAL BRAINS CONTROL THEIR BEHAVIOR.

AND HOW SIMILAR THEIR EMOTIONAL CONTROL IS TWO HOURS.

IN TURN, THAT THAT WILL LEAD US TO BETTER UNDERSTAND OUR OWN EMOTIONAL BRAIN.

IF YOU THINK ABOUT MENTAL ILLNESS AS INVOLVING MALADAPTATION OF EMOTION SYSTEMS, TOO MUCH FEAR AND ANGER, OR IT LASTS TOO LONG, WE CAN UNDERSTAND HOW THOSE THINGS HAPPEN WHEN SOMEBODY IS IN A STATE LIKE THAT, WE MAY HAVE A BETTER WAY TO TREAT THOSE DISORDERS IN HUMANS.

THERE HAS NOT BEEN A FUNDAMENTALLY NEW DRUG FOR DEPRESSION OR ANXIETY, APPROVED BY THE FDA IN THE LAST 50 YEARS BECAUSE WE DO NOT UNDERSTAND THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN WELL ENOUGH.

BUT THERE ARE SO MANY PEOPLE WORKING ON THIS NOW.

I AM VERY OPTIMISTIC THAT THERE WILL BE SOME BREAKTHROUGHS AND UNDERSTANDING, AND MAYBE IN TREATMENTS OVER THE NEXT FIVE TO 10 YEARS.

>> I NEVER REALIZED HOW MUCH WE STILL DID NOT UNDERSTAND ABOUT EMOTIONS.

I THINK IT IS AMAZING THAT, AS WE STUDY THEM MORE, WE CAN BUT DEVELOP BETTER DRUGS TO HELP WITH EMOTIONAL ISSUES.

>> IT IS AMAZING HOW THE EMOTIONS IN ADULTS CAN HELP US UNDERSTAND WHAT EMOTIONS DO FOR US AS HUMANS, THAT CAN LEAD TO NEW ADVANCES.

>> IN THE FIRST SEGMENT, WE TALKED ABOUT BABIES, OUR BRAINS ARE NOT FULLY DEVELOPED BUT THEY DEVELOP OVER TIME.

>> WE ALSO DEVELOPED EMOTIONS AS WE AGE AND INEXPERIENCE.

FOR MORE ON THAT LET'S GO TO THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY.

YOU STUDY HOW THE BRAIN DEVELOPS.

CAN YOU TALK ABOUT THIS?

>> ABSOLUTELY.

YOU HAVE MRI, IMAGING METHODS, AND WITH THESE WE ARE ABLE TO SEE WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE BRAIN.

HOW IT RESPONDS TO MENTAL TASKS.

WE CAN DO THIS OVER AND OVER HOW BRAIN WAVES TALK TO EACH OTHER AND THAT GIVES WAY TO COGNITION.

WE HAVE A NICE UNDERSTANDING OF THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN.

WHAT PARTS OF THE BRAIN KNEW WHAT.

HOW DID THIS GET THERE?

ARE WE BORN WITH THAT?

WITH THIS TECHNOLOGY, WE HAVE THE ABILITY TO SCAN BABIES AND GET DETAILED IMAGES OF THEIR BRAIN AND HOW BRAIN REGIONS TALK WITH ONE ANOTHER.

AND THEN, WHEN THEY ARE OLDER, WE INVITE THEM BACK AND WE SCAN THEM AGAIN.

TODAY, WE ARE GOING TO STAY IN YOUR BRAIN.

WE TAKE PICTURES OF YOUR BRAIN WHILE THEY ARE WATCHING MOVIES, LISTENING TO STORIES, WE LOOK AT WHAT PARTS OF THE BRAIN ARE ACTIVE AND HOW THEY TALK TO EACH OTHER.

WE ARE TRYING TO BUILD THESE MODELS THAT ARE BASED ON BIOLOGY THAT ALLOW US TO PREDICT LATER COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES IN EACH CHILD BASED ON THE EARLY BRAIN DATA.

>> TALK ABOUT THE SAFETY OF THAT.

>> THE MRI IS APPROVED AND WE DO NOT USE INJECTIONS.

MY OWN BABIES WERE SCANNED WITHIN A WEEK OR TWO OF BIRTH.

THE SCANNER IS SOMETIMES LOUD.

THEY SLEEP COMFORTABLY THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE TIME.

OVERALL, IT IS AN ENJOYABLE EXPERIENCE FOR EVERYONE.

WE ARE ABLE TO SHARE OUR RESEARCH WITH FAMILIES.

THAT IS REWARDING FOR US AND THE PARENTS.

>> SOME OF THE SURPRISING RELEVANCE COMING FROM YOUR RESEARCH, THE VISUAL CORTEX, AND THE CONNECTION.

>> THE AMYGDALA IS A SMALL ALMOND SHAPED STRUCTURE, LIKE THE MIDDLE OF YOUR BRAIN, WE THINK OF IT AS THE CENTER.

IF YOU'RE IN A DARK ALLEY WAY AND YOU START TO PANIC, THAT IS THE AMYGDALA.

IF YOU ARE GOING TO GO ON STAGE AND YOU START SWEATING, IT IS THE AMYGDALA.

IT DOES POSITIVE, LEARNING THINGS, IF YOU'RE IN A GRASSY FIELD, IT MAY TRIGGER A CHILDHOOD MEMORY OF PLATING.

IN HUMANS, PARTS OF THE AMYGDALA SEEMED TO BE ENLARGED.

YOUR SOCIAL RANKING, POPULARITY, THINGS LIKE THAT.

WE CANNOT SEE THIS ALL BY ITSELF, IT CONNECTS WITH REGIONS THAT ALLOW US TO KNOW WHAT IT IT CONNECTS WITH HIGH LEVEL CORTEX AROUND HERE, WHAT WE FOUND IN THE STUDY WAS THAT A NEWBORN AMYGDALA IS NOT ONLY CONNECTED TO HIGH-LEVEL VISUAL AREAS BUT CONNECTED TO LOW- LEVEL VISUAL AREAS.

IT IS NOT CONNECTED TO ONE THING.

SOME CONNECTIONS THAT ARE NO LONGER NEEDED, THEY DETERIORATE, THAT HAPPENS EARLY ON.

THE ONES THAT REMAIN ARE STRONGEST AND THEY CONTINUE TO STRENGTHEN.

>> HOW DOES THAT CONNECT TO EMOTIONS?

>> NEWBORNS EXPERIENCE HUNGER OR PAIN, ADULTS INTERPRET THAT AS SADNESS OR FRUSTRATION, BUT EMOTIONS ARE COMPLEX.

WE HAVE CERTAIN EXPERIENCE WITH THESE TO KNOW IS THIS ANIMAL OR TREE FRIENDLY?

CAN I APPROACH IT?

COMPLEX WAYS OF EXPRESSING EMOTION, EVEN LANGUAGE WE USE TO EXPRESS OURSELVES.

IT IS VERY COMPLEX AND THERE IS A LOT OF LEARNING THAT NEEDS TO HAPPEN.

DIFFERENT CULTURES MAY INTERPRET DIFFERENT EMOTIONS IN DIFFERENT WAYS.

THERE MAY BE SOCIALLY INAPPROPRIATE WAYS YOU WOULD EXPRESS EMOTIONS.

ALL OF THAT LEARNING TAKES TIME AND EXPERIENCE.

>> WE PUT A GRIZZLY BEAR IN FRONT OF ADULTS, THEY WILL BE SCARED.

IF YOU THINK ABOUT A NEWBORN, YOU PUT A BABY IN FRONT OF A GRIZZLY BEAR?

>> THEY MAY BE CURIOUS.

THEY WILL NOT BE SCARED.

>> THAT IS LEARNED.

WHAT DO YOU WANT PARENTS TO KNOW ABOUT THE RESEARCH YOU ARE DOING >> ONE PIECE OF ADVICE I HAVE FOR PARENTS IS TO BE A ROLE MODEL FOR HOW ONE CAN REGULATE.

WHILE YOU ARE READING A BOOK, TALK THROUGH DIFFERENT SOCIAL CONTACTS, HOW DIFFERENT CHARACTERS MAY RESPOND AND HOW YOU WOULD RESPOND.

HOW THEY WOULD RESPOND.

ENCOURAGE THEM TO TALK ABOUT THEIR FEELINGS WITH YOU AND ENGAGE IN A YOURSELF.

TALK ABOUT HOW YOU ARE FEELING.

THROUGH THAT, YOU WILL LEARN TO REGULATE YOUR EMOTIONS BETTER AND DEMONSTRATE THAT YOUR CHILD.

AND BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THEM ON THEIR EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT JOURNEY.

>> MY TAKE AWAY FROM THE SHOW TODAY IS THAT WE STILL HAVE A LOT TO LEARN ABOUT EMOTIONS.

THEY ARE VERY COMPLEX BUT I LIKE THE IDEA THEY CAN CHANGE OVER TIME.

DR. B?

>> THERE IS SO MUCH MORE TO LEARN ABOUT EMOTIONS.

ONE, WE ARE WIRED TO HAVE EMOTIONS.

THAT IS EXCITING.

IT IS OKAY TO BE EMOTIONAL.

WE CAN CONTROL OUR EMOTIONS IF WE WORK ON IT.

THAT IS GOOD AS WE NAVIGATE THE JOURNEY OF LIFE.

THAT IS QED WITH DR. B.

JOIN US ON FACEBOOK, INSTAGRAM, TWITTER, AND WE WILL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.

>> I AM GOING TO SHOW YOU A PICTURE.

A PICTURE OF A PERSON.

I AM GOING TO ASK YOU TO TELL DO YOU SEE THIS PERSON EXPRESSING?

I WILL REVEAL THE LARGER CONTEXT.

>> THE KNEE-JERK REACTION IS THEY ARE CRYING, SAD, UPSET, THEY COULD BE REACTING TO A BAD SMELL.

THIS PERSON COULD BE JUST, YOU KNOW, CRINGING BECAUSE OF TOO MUCH SUNLIGHT AND THEY ARE BEING BLINDED.

>> ALL THOSE THINGS PEOPLE SAY.

IF I SAY, WHAT EMOTIONS IS THIS PERSON EXPERIENCING?

PEOPLE WILL ALL SAY THAT THEY MUST BE SAD.

IF I SAY, WHAT IS GOING ON FOR THIS PERSON?

THEY MAY SAY THIS PERSON IS REALLY TIRED.

LET'S REVEAL THE CONTEXT.

>> THIS PIANIST IS INTO HIS PIANO AND HE IS FEELING IT.

>> WE HAVE A LOT OF EXAMPLE CARDS LIKE THIS.

IF YOU JUST SHOW PART OF THE FACE WITHOUT THE CONTEXT AND THEN YOU REVEAL THE CONTEXT, YOU REVEAL SOMETHING DIFFERENTLY.

>> PROMOTION IS PROVIDED BY -- >> S.T.E.M.

IS PART OF OUR FOUNDING, WE BELIEVE IN BUILDING SOMETHING TO BETTER SOCIETY THROUGH THE USE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

THIS YEAR WE WILL HIT A GOAL OF 1 MILLION STUDENTS PER YEAR THAT WE ARE IMPACTING.

>> AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER FOUNDATION, BOUNDLESS ENERGY FOR A BRIGHTER FUTURE.

>> AND BY VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.