BETTER SOCIETY THROUGH THE USE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

WE WILL HIT A GOAL OF 1 MILLION STUDENTS TO IMPACT AROUND THE COUNTRY.

>> ELECTRIC POWER FOUNDATION.

>>> PRODUCTION FUNDING FOR QED WITH DR. B IS PROVIDED BY -- >> BELIEVED IN AN INSTITUTE THAT WOULD BETTER SOCIETY.

WE WILL HIT A GOAL OF 1 MILLION STUDENTS A YEAR TO IMPACT AROUND THE COUNTRY.

>> AMERICAN POWER FOUNDATION.

>>> AND BY VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.

>>> I'M FREDERIC BERTLEY.

SCIENTIST AND PRESIDENT AND CEO OF COSI.

WELCOME TO QED WITH DR. B.

LET'S TALK ABOUT SCIENCE.

>> DR. B, I'M EXCITED ABOUT TODAY.

WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE INTERSECTION OF SCIENCE AND ART.

I HAVE TO SAY ONE OF MY FAVORITE TYPES OF ART IS WATERCOLOR.

I LOVE THE LANDSCAPES AND SUBTLETY OF COLORS YOU CAN CAPTURE AND THE ARTISTRY OF THE BRUSH.

DR. B, WHAT IS YOUR FAVORITE?

>> MY FAVORITE ART IS SUCH A VIVID SOCIAL COMMENT EITHER AND REALLY GREAT CONTENT.

>> WE ARE EXPLORING THE INTERSECTION OF SCIENCE AND ART WITH SOMETHING UNIQUE AND FASCINATING.

GLASS.

ACTUALLY A LOT OF SCIENCE THAT GOES INTO GLASSMAKING AND GLASSBLOWING.

THERE ARE A LOT OF TECHNIQUES WE USE TODAY AND PIECES SURVIVED HISTORY.

>> WE HAVE GLASS JARS AND ART WORK THROUGH THE COURSE OF HISTORY.

WE HAVE ART WORK AS EARLY AS 1500 BC.

THE LYCURGUS CUP IS THE ANCIENT CULTURE REALLY UNDERSTANDING THE SCIENCE THAT WENT INTO GLASSMAKING AND MAKING SOMETHING TRULY ARTISTIC.

IT IS THE 4th CENTURY AD CHALICE THAT DEPICTS THE KING LYCURGUS.

MADE FROM GLASS WITH SILVER AND GOLD NANOPARTICLES.

THESE WERE 15 NANOMETERS IN SIZE.

IT IS DICHROIC.

IT LOOKS DIFFERENT COLORS DEPENDING ON LIGHT PASSING THROUGH IT OR NOT.

SOMETIMES IT LOOKS GREEN NORMALLY, BUT LIT FROM THE BACK, IT IS RED.

THIS IS JUST ONE EXAMPLE OF THE GLASS ART DATING BACK THOUSANDS OF YEARS IN HISTORY.

TO HEAR MORE ABOUT THE HISTORY OF GLASS AND SEE THE PIECES, WE ACTUALLY WENT TO TOLEDO AND HEARD FROM DIANE WRIGHT, THE CURATOR OF GLASS AT THE MUSEUM OF ART.

>> IT HAS A LONG HISTORY.

WE KNOW PEOPLE WERE MAKING GLASS FROM ABOUT THE 15th CENTURY BC.

FOR ABOUT THE FIRST 1500 YEARS, THEY WERE MAKING VERY SMALL OBJECTS THAT WERE USED IN A LUXURY WAY.

SO THEY WOULD MAKE SMALL JARS FOR THINGS LIKE MAKEUP AND OILS AND SMALL PIECES THAT WOULD BE IN FURNITURE INLAY.

SO WE'RE LOOKING AT THE EARLIEST GLASS ARTICLES MADE FROM EGYPT.

THESE ARE VESSELS THAT WE CALL FORM BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT BLOWN AND MADE IN THE PROCESS WHERE YOU USE A CENTRAL CORE OF MATERIAL PROBABLY SOMETHING ORGANIC AND YOU WRAP THE GLASS AROUND IT AND THEN ONCE IT WAS COOLED, YOU WOULD PICK THAT CORE OUT.

THAT PROCESS, ACTUALLY, DEMANDED THE OBJECT BE MADE VERY SMALL.

AN OBJECT LIKE THESE WOULD BE USED TO HOLD MAKEUP OR SCENTED OIL.

IT WASN'T UNTIL 15 BC AND 50 AD THAT SOMEBODY ALONG THE COAST DEVELOPED WHAT WE KNOW TODAY AS GLASSBLOWING.

THAT REALLY REVOLUTIONIZED AND CHANGED GLASSMAKING.

NOW YOU CAN MAKE IT MUCH LARGER AND VARIETY OF SHAPES AND SIZES.

YOU CAN USE MOLDS TO MAKE THINGS CONSISTENTLY SHAPED AS WELL.

SO THIS IS THAT WONDERFUL EXAMPLE OF AN EARLY BLOWN PIECE FROM THE SECOND CENTURY AD.

THIS REALLY GIVES YOU A NICE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EARLY EGYPTIAN VESSELS IN TERMS OF SCALE.

THIS PIECE IS VERY LARGE AND IT WAS BLOWN BY USING A BLOWPIPE AND MAKER DIPPING THAT PIPE IN GLASS AND EXPANDING IT AND BLOWING A BUBBLE AND EXPANDING IT AND USING THE TOOLS TO CREATE THE SHAPE AND LATER ADDING THE HANDLE AND CREATING A LID TO FIT ON THE OBJECT.

ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY THAT REALLY CHANGED THE WAY WE MAKE GLASS ACTUALLY HAPPENED HERE IN THE UNITED STATES IN THE EARLY 19th CENTURY.

THAT WAS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLASS PRESS.

THIS MACHINE, WHICH WOULD HAVE USED SOME HUMANS TO PRESS THE GLASS, REALLY CHANGED OUR ABILITY TO MAKE GLASS IN TERMS OF MAKING IT FASTER AND MAKING IT HONESTLY WITH LESS SKILL THAN A GLASSBLOWER WOULD HAVE.

YOU COULD TRAIN SOMEBODY TO USE THIS MACHINE FASTER THAN YOU COULD TEACH SOMEBODY TO BE AN EXPERT GLASSBLOWER.

WITH A PRESS, YOU NEED A MOLD.

THE MOLDMAKER IS ANOTHER PERSON WHO HAS A LOT OF SKILL.

THE MOLD WILL ALLOW YOU TO CREATE THE SHAPE OF THE GLASS AND THE DECORATION ON THE GLASS AT THE SAME TIME.

SO, AGAIN, IT SPEEDS UP THE PROCESS SO YOU DON'T HAVE A SEPARATE SKILLED PERSON TO CUT THE GLASS OR ENGRAVE THE GLASS OR DECORATION ON THE GLASS.

IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY, GLASS COMPANIES ACTUALLY WERE MOVING IN THE MIDWEST TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES LIKE SAND AND NATURAL GAS WHICH SPECIFICALLY IS IMPORTANT TO GLASS COMPANIES.

ALSO TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SPACE AND TRANSPORTATION.

THE RAILROAD AND WORKERS THAT MIGHT BE HERE AS WELL AND THERE WERE HUNDREDS OF GLASS COMPANIES IN THIS AREA.

BY THE LATE 1880s, IN THE PRESS, YOU COULD READ ABOUT TOLEDO AS THE GLASS CITY.

THE ART MOVEMENT IN GLASS IS OFTEN TALKED ABOUT IN TERMS OF ITS ORIGINS HERE IN TOLEDO, OHIO.

IN THE MID 20th CENTURY, THERE WASN'T ANYWHERE YOU COULD GO AND TAKE A CLASS AT UNIVERSITY IN GLASSMAKING.

HARVEY LITTLETON TEACHING AT TOLEDO MUSEUM OF ART AND WANTED TO HOLD A WORKSHOP WHERE ARTISTS COULD COME IN AND EXPERIMENT WITH THE MATERIAL.

OTTO, THE DIRECTOR AT THE MUSEUM THEN, GAVE HIM SPACE ON CAMPUS.

HARVEY INVITED PEOPLE FROM AROUND THE COUNTRY TO COME.

THEY BUILT THE FURNACE WITH THE HELP OF THE LOCAL RETIRED SCIENTIST.

THE GROUP OF PEOPLE CAME TOGETHER IN 1962 AND BEGAN TO EXPERIMENT WITH THE MATERIALS.

THIS IS THE WATERSHED MOMENT WHERE EXPERIMENT TAKES OF GLASS ART MAKING HAPPENED IN THE UNITED STATES.

HERE IS THE WORK BY DOMINIC LOBENO HAS 33 PANELS OF GLASS CAST.

HE WAS A SCIENTIST AT A FACTORY, A FIBERGLASS FACTORY.

WHEN HE RETIRED, HE STARTED A SECOND CAREER MAKING GLASS.

HE IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTANDING HOW EXPERIMENTAL PEOPLE WERE BEING WITH GLASS IN THE 1960s AND '70s.

IT SHOWS HOW INTERESTED HE WAS IN COLOR AND IDEA OF WORKING WITH HIS KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY IN HIS ART WORK.

AND THE COLOR IN GLASS IS REALLY ALL ABOUT THE CHEMISTRY.

SO, YOU PUT DIFFERENT MINERALS IN THE GLASS AND YOU GET DIFFERENT COLORS.

AN EXAMPLE OF THAT IS COBALT.

IT MAKES A BLUE GLASS.

GREEN AND YELLOW CAN RESULT FROM THE PRESENCE OF COPPER IN GLASS.

YOU CAN GET RED FROM USING GOLD IN GLASS.

SO, UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY THAT BECOMES VITAL TO GETTING THE COLOR OF GLASS YOU WANT.

I THINK PEOPLE ARE REALLY DRAWN TO GLASS.

IT REALLY IS A MATERIAL THAT DOES THINGS NO OTHER MATERIAL DOES.

WHETHER IT'S WANTING TO PICK UP THAT BEAUTIFUL STEMMED GOBLET AND HAVE A GLASS OF WINE OUT OF IT OR HAVE A BIG WINDOW IN THE KITCHEN TO LOOK OUT AND SEE THE WORLD ORRING DRIVING YOUR CAR AND HAVE THE MATERIAL THAT ALLOWS YOU TO TRAVEL IN THE WAY WE DO TODAY.

OR WHETHER IT IS PICKING UP YOUR PHONE AND LOOKING AT THE SCREEN.

ARTISTS LOVE WHAT IT DOES WITH LIGHT AND WE LOVE WHAT IT DOES, MAYBE, IN FACILITATING OUR DAILY LIVES.

>> I REALLY LOVE THAT TOLEDO, OHIO IS CALLED THE GLASS CITY.

HOW COOL IS IT THAT THE MUSEUM BROUGHT IN THE LOCAL SCIENTIST TO BUILD THE FURNACE AND TEACH THE WORKSHOPS TO UNDERSTAND THE MEDIUM.

IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF SCIENCE AND ART INTERSECT.

>> COLORED GLASS IS ALL ABOUT CHEMISTRY.

DIANE TALKED ABOUT COBALT TO TURN GLASS BLUE AND COPPER TO MAKE GREEN AND YELLOW COLORS.

MEDIEVAL COLORS USED THE STAIN GLASS WINDOWS IN CHURCHES THAT SURVIVED SINCE 10th CENTURY.

>> IT IS INTERESTING HOW ANCIENT CULTURES UNDERSTOOD GLASSMAKING.

DID IS ALSO THAT ARTISTS ARE USING SIMILAR BLOWPIPES FROM 1,000 YEARS AGO.

>> IT IS NOT JUST SCIENCE THAT GOES INTO GLASS MAKING, BUT TECH CAL KNOW HOW.

IT CAN TAKE YEARS TO BE AN ARTIST.

FOR MORE ON THAT, I SPOKE WITH FORGE GARRABRANT WHO WALKED ME THROUGH THE PROCESS OF MAKING THE GLASS WALL.

>> FORGE, SO GOOD TO MEET YOU.

>> YOU, TOO.

>> IT IS HOT IN HERE, BUT WE ARE DOING SOME REALLY COOL STUFF.

WE ARE ABOUT TO MAKE GLASS.

>> YES.

>> WHAT IS GLASS MADE OF?

>> IT IS SILICA WHICH IS SAND AND CALCIUM AND SODIUM CARBONATE.

>> LET'S GET RIGHT TO IT.

>> WE START OFF WITH DOING SOME SAFETY STUFF WITH GLASSES.

>> THANK YOU FOR THE SAFETY FIRST.

>> AND I'M GOING TO TAKE A GATHER AT THE GLASS.

THIS IS OUR BLOWPIPE.

THIS FURNACE IS AT 2100 DEGREES.

WE WIND UP ON THE TIP OF THE PIPE LIKE HONEY.

>> OKAY.

WE ARE USING TWO FURNACES?

>> YES.

THIS IS JUST COLORED GLASS THAT IS BROKEN UP IN SHARDS.

>> THE FIRST OVEN WAS 2,100 DEGREES.

WHAT IS THE SECOND?

>> THIS IS A LITTLE COLDER.

AROUND 1,800 OR SO.

>> COLDER.

>> THIS JUST KEEPS IT AT A WORKABLE TEMPERATURE.

WE ARE CONSTANTLY ROTATING.

>> WHY?

>> IF I STOP ROTATING IT, IT WILL FALL OFF THE END OF THE PIPE.

AS IT HEATS UP, IT MOVES AROUND A LITTLE MORE.

YOU HAVE TO KEEP UP WITH IT.

WE'RE USING A WOODEN SPOOL THAT WE KEEP SOAKED IN WATER.

>> THE WATER COOLS IT?

>> IT IS COOLING IT DOWN AND CONDENSING IT A LITTLE BIT.

WE ARE TRYING TO GET IT TO A NICE TEMPERATURE TO HAVE A NICE AMOUNT OF CONTROL OVER IT.

WE ARE STARTING TO ADD IN SOME AIR.

MAKE IT A LITTLE BIGGER.

THEN WE NEED TO MAKE A SPOT WHERE WE CAN TAKE IT OFF THE PIPE.

WE HAVE TO MAKE A WEAK SPOT WHERE WE ACTUALLY BREAK IT OFF.

I'LL START TO PUT A LITTLE CONSTRICTION HERE UP AT THE TOP.

>> I SEE IT.

A GROOVE.

>> NOW THE COLOR CHANGED FROM ORANGE TO NOW A BLUE BASE.

>> YEAH.

IT IS REALLY HOT AND IT WILL LOOK BRIGHT ORANGE AND THEN AS IT COOLS DOWN, THE COLORS WILL START TO COME OUT.

IT IS ACTUALLY NOT GOING TO BE TRUE UNTIL IT COMPLETELY COOLS DOWN TO ROOM TEMPERATURE.

ALL RIGHT.

I'LL HANG THIS UP.

YOU TAKE A BIG GATHER OF GLASS AND I'LL JUST DROP THAT ON THE TABLE.

IT'S SO HOT IT WILL MAKE A NICE LITTLE CIRCLE.

AND WE'LL STICK THAT TO THE BASE.

THIS WILL BE THE FOOT IT SITS ON.

SO NOW WE'LL GET ANOTHER PIPE READY.

WE'LL STICK THIS TO THE BASE.

AND WE PUT A LITTLE BIT OF WATER ON THE TOP.

RIGHT ON THAT LINE.

IT KNOWS WHERE IT SHOULD BREAK.

I TAP THE ROD AND IT POPS OFF.

>> THAT WAS AWESOME.

>> WE GOT TO GET THAT RIGHT BACK TO THE HEAT OR IT WILL CRACK.

START TO PUT SOME UPWARDS PRESSURE ON THERE.

THAT JUST CLEARLY STARTS TO OPEN UP THE VESSEL.

IT COOLS DOWN VERY FAST.

YOU ONLY GET MAYBE 20 SECONDS REALLY TO WORK WITH IT.

AS I TURN, IT WANTS TO FLARE OPEN ON THE EDGE OF THIS.

SO NOW IT IS OPENED ALL THE WAY AND AS I HEAT THIS UP, IT WILL JUST TRY TO FLARE OPEN.

I'M GOING TO START TO SPIN A LITTLE FASTER.

WE JUST LET THAT FLARE.

NOW WE LET GRAVITY DO THE BEST AND GIVE IT THE WAVY EDGES.

WE'LL PUT A LITTLE BIT OF WATER ON THE BASE.

THAT WILL TELL IT RIGHT WHERE TO BREAK.

IT CREATES A LITTLE BIT OF THERMAL SHOCK.

IT SHOULD TAKE A LITTLE TAP TO KNOCK THAT OFF.

>> NOW IT'S NOT FINISHED.

YOU ARE PUTTING IT IN A KILN?

WHAT DOES THAT DO?

>> THE KILN WILL KEEP IT AT 900 DEGREES.

THIS WILL HOLD IT AT A STEADY TEMPERATURE SO IT DOESN'T CRACK AND WHEN I LEAVE TODAY, I'LL SET IT DOWN FOR 12 HOURS.

THAT WILL COOL IT DOWN SLOWLY OVER THAT TIME.

>> WE STARTED AT 2000 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT TO GET THE GLASS.

WE SHAPED IT AT 1800 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.

NOW CURING IT IN THE KILN AT 900 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT FOR 12 HOURS.

WHAT IS HAPPENING?

>> IT IS COOLING DOWN SLOWLY OVER THAT TIME.

IT TAKES THE STRESS OFF THE GLASS.

IF IT STAYED OUT HERE FOR ANOTHER MINUTE OR SO, IT WOULD HAVE DROPPED IN TEMPERATURE WAY TOO FAST AND CRACKED AND FELL APART.

>> THE COOLEST EXAMPLE OF INTERSECTION OF SCIENCE AND ART.

>> AWESOME.

>> WOW.

I'M SO IMPRESSED BY HOW EASY FORGE MADE THAT LOOK.

WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT, GLASSMAKING IS STRENUOUS.

HOT FURNACE.

MOVING GLASS WITH THE METAL POLES.

YOU HAVE TO SHAPE THE GLASS.

IT IS NOT JUST KNOWING WHAT TO DO AND WHEN, BUT FORGE HAD TO KNOW THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE GLASSBLOWING.

>> FORGE TALKED ABOUT THE SILICA USED TO MAKE THE GLASS AND MENTIONED SODIUM CARBONATE AND CALCIUM CARBONATE IS ADDED AS WELL.

THE SILICA IS THE MAIN COMPONENT AND MADE UP OF SAND.

IT IS MADE UP OF THE MAJORITY.

THEY ADD SODIUM CARBON NATIONAL -- CARBONATE TO LOWER THE TEMPERATURE.

>> THERE IS A LOT OF SCIENCE THAT GOES INTO ALL ASPECTS OF GLASSMAKING.

SCIENCE IS NOT JUST USED IN MAKING GLASS, BUT SCIENTISTS USING GLASS IN THEIR WORK.

>> DIANA, CHEMISTRY USES GLASS.

IT WON'T REACT WITH THE CHEMICALS MAKING IT IDEAL FOR LABORATORY WORK.

SCIENTISTS SHOULD TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT FOR UNIQUE PIECES OF GLASS.

TO FIND OUT MORE, I TALKED TO TIM HENTHORNE, THE SENIOR GLASSBLOWER AT THE GLASSBLOWING LAB RIGHT HERE AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY.

>> MOST OF US KNOW OF GLASSBLOWING WHETHER WE HAVE DONE IT OURSELVES OR SEEN IT IN PERSON OR ON TV.

YOU ARE A SCIENTIST GLASSBLOWER RUNNING A LAB.

>> A GLASSBLOWER MEETS THE NEEDS OF RESEARCHERS IN THE FORM OF GLASS.

THEY CAN EXECUTE THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY.

ALL OF THE SCIENCES HAVE TO HAVE A WAY TO EXPLORE WHAT THEY'RE INTERESTED IN AND GLASS AIDS THEM IN THAT.

ESPECIALLY HERE AT OHIO STATE.

WE HAVE A TREMENDOUS RESEARCH COMMUNITY AND GLASS BECOMES PART OF THAT JUST LIKE ANY OTHER MATERIAL.

>> WHY IS GLASS THE PREFERRED CHOICE FOR LAB WEAR?

>> INITIALLY, GLASS WAS A WONDERFUL MATERIAL FOR CHEMISTRY BECAUSE IT DOESN'T REACT WITH THE REACTIONS DONE IN THE GLASS.

>> IT IS SAFE.

>> THE GLASS USED TO MAKE LABORATORY WATER WAS SODA LIME GLASS.

THOSE WERE THE EARLY FORMS OF GLASS THAT WERE AVAILABLE TO USE FOR EVERYTHING, INCLUDING WINDOWS AND FOR ANY KIND OF SCIENTIFIC DEVICE.

I'M TALKING ABOUT IN THE 19th CENTURY.

SOMEBODY CAME ALONG AND INVENTED SILICA GLASS.

THIS TYPE OF GLASS CAN ALSO DEAL WITH THERMAL STRESS.

THIS COMES IN TUBES IN RAW FORM THAT ARE ALREADY FABRICATED FOR US TO KEEP ON THE SHELF TO USE AS OUR STOCK.

THEN WE'RE ABLE TO REHEAT AND RESHAPE IT AND CHANGE IT INTO WHAT ONE OF OUR, YOU KNOW, PROJECT DEMANDS.

>> SO, THERE IS A LOT OF LABS AROUND THE WORLD.

A TON OF GLASSWARE.

BEAKER TO EARLY FLASK TO THE SOPHISTICATED DISTILLERS.

IS ALL THE GLASS GLASS BLOWN?

>> THERE IS DISPOSAL GLASSWARE IN THE INDUSTRY.

MOST OF THE ITEMS ARE BEAKERS AND PIPES AND TEST TUBES AND COMMON LABORATORY GLASSWARE THAT SERVES A PURPOSE, BUT NOT SPECIALIZED PURPOSE.

THAT STUFF THEY USE IT AND BREAK IT AND TRASH IT.

IT HAS VERY LOW VALUE.

THEN WE HAVE SPECIALIZED GLASSWARE.

WE HAVE FACTORIES THAT FABRICATE STANDARD SCIENTIFIC GLASSWARE.

NOT EVERYTHING IS BEING MANUFACTURED.

THAT'S WHERE WE COME IN.

NOT EVERYTHING THAT IS MANUFACTURED IS SUITABLE FOR THE APPLICATION.

THEY COME AND WE MODIFY IT OR WE'LL MAKE SOMETHING OF THEIR CUSTOM DESIGN.

WE DO A DRAWING AND COME UP WITH AN IDEA THAT WE HOPE WILL SATISFY THE NEED OF THE RESEARCH AND THEN WE'LL BASICALLY JUST FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS AND MAKE IT.

SOMETIMES IT'S A CHALLENGE TO DO WHAT THEY WANT YOU TO DO AND THAT, TO ME, IS THE BEAUTY OF IT.

THIS, FOR EXAMPLE, IS AN APPARATUS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY.

IT IS A REPRODUCTION OF A HOOKAH PIPE.

THE PART I MAKE IS THE TOP PART WE CALL THE BOWL AND THE TOBACCO IS ACTUALLY PUT IN THIS PART HERE.

I ALSO MODIFY THIS TYPE OF FLASK.

IT IS A 2000 MIL DISPOSABLE GLASS THAT WE TALKED ABOUT EARLIER.

THEY ARE TESTING THE SMOKE THAT COMES OFF THE APPARATUS TO SEE HOW IT AFFECTS THE HUMAN BODY IN HARMFUL WAYS.

THE CONVENIENCE OF ME BEING HERE IS THAT I'M ACTUALLY -- THIS IS THE FIRST GENERATION OF THIS PARTICULAR APPARATUS.

THE TOP PART HERE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE INITIAL DESIGN WAS TO HAVE THE HOLES INSTALLED IN THE BOTTOM.

THAT WAS A PROBLEM BECAUSE THE LIQUID FROM THE USE OF THE BOWL WOULD FLOW DOWN INTO THE BOTTOM OF THE REST OF THE APPARATUS.

WE REDESIGNED IT AND THE HOLES ENDED UP BEING INSTALLED IN THE INNER WALL HERE SO THAT NONE OF THE LIQUID WOULD PASS THROUGH THE CAVITY OF THE BOWL.

WE BUILT A KIND OF A FINAL DESIGN OVER THE COURSE OF TIME.

THE FIRST PROTOTYPE AND SECOND PROTOTYPE AND WE ARE SAD WITH THAT AND WE KEEP IT.

I'LL PHOTOGRAPHED IT AND I'LL KEEP THE RECORDS IN THE PDF FOR THAT PROFESSOR.

IT IS A WONDERFUL THING WITH A COMPUTER WITH THE DETAILS ALREADY WORKED OUT.

IT SAVES A LOT OF TIME.

>> AND WHAT DO YOU SEE AS THE FUTURE FOR GLASSBLOWING IN THE SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT?

>> ONE PROBLEM WITH COMPUTERS IS THEY CAN'T MODEL EVERYTHING.

THEY STILL HAVE TO GO TO THE LAB AND USE GLASSWARE TO GET AN END RESULT.

A PHYSICAL RESULT.

I THINK THE FUTURE'S GREAT.

I THINK IF I WANTED TO WORK UNTIL I'M 90 YEARS OLD, THIS JOB WOULD STILL BE AVAILABLE TO ME.

>> YOU BUILT A CAREER OUT OF THIS.

HOW DID YOU GET INTO GLASSBLOWING IN THIS FIELD?

>> I'M A THIRD GENERATION ACTUALLY.

YOU WILL FIND THERE ARE A LOT OF US OUT THERE WHERE THEIR FATHERS OR GRANDFATHERS WERE IN THE PROFESSION BEFORE THEM.

HOWEVER, IT IS NOT THE ONLY WAY TO GET INTO THE PRO PROFESSION.

MY FATHER HAD A SHOP IN THE BASEMENT AND MADE TRINKETS.

I WAS AROUND IT ALL THE TIME AND ONE THING LED TO ANOTHER AND I BECAME A GLASSBLOWER AS WELL.

>> WELL IT IS IN YOUR DNA AND RUNS A RESEARCH LAB AND DABBLES IN THE ART AND SCIENCE SIDE.

WHAT AVERAGE ADVICE COULD YOU GIVE ME FOR SOMEONE INTERESTED?

>> THINK ABOUT EVERYTHING AROUND YOU.

EVERYTHING IN YOUR ENVIRONMENT AND HOW IT ARRIVED IN YOUR LIFE.

YOU CAN LOOK AT THE SIMPLEST THINGS.

YOUR DRINKING GLASS FOR INSTANCE.

HOW DID IT ARRIVE IN YOUR LIFE?

DID IT -- WAS IT MANUFACTURED IN A FACTORY?

WAS IT PRESSED IN A MOLD?

THESE ARE THE THINGS THAT CAN DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO WHERE SOMETHING CAME FROM.

USUALLY IT HAD SOMETHING TO DO WITH SCIENCE.

>> THANK YOU FOR SPENDING TIME WITH US ON QED WITH DR. B.

IT WAS A PLEASURE TO HAVE YOU ON THE SHOW.

>> THANK YOU.

YOU'RE WELCOME.

THANKS FOR HAVING ME.

>> MY TAKE AWAY FROM THE SHOW TODAY IS GLASS IS THE AMAZING MATERIAL THAT TRULY EMBODIES THE SPECIAL INTERSECTION OF SCIENCE AND ART.

REALLY A LOT GOES INTO GLASS AND THERE IS THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY AND MANUFACTURING AND ALSO ALL THE WORK THAT GOES INTO MAKING THE INDIVIDUAL GLASS PIECES.

JUST LIKE ALL OF OUR EXPERTS SAID, GLASS REALLY IS A BIG PART OF OUR EVERY DAY LIFE.

DR. B, WHAT IS YOUR TAKE?

>> SCIENCE IS TRULY EVERYWHERE AND FOR EVERYONE.

THAT INTERSECTION WITH ART AND SCIENCE CANNOT BE OVERSTATED.

GLASS IS NO EXCEPTION AND SUCH A UNIQUE AND BEAUTIFUL MATERIAL.

IT IS FOUND IN ART PRODUCTS AND EVERY DAY LIVES.

GLASS HAS THE AMAZING PROPERTIES THAT IS ARE USEFUL TO SCIENTISTS.

BOTH HOW WE CREATE TOOLS AND THE DATA WE GET BY ACCESSING GLASS WITH THE RICH TECHNOLOGY.

IT IS FASCINATING.

THAT IS QED WITH DR. B OF THE THAT'S ME.

JOIN US ON FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM AND TWITTER.

WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.

>>> PRODUCTION FUNDING FOR QED WITH DR. B IS PROVIDED BY -- >> IT WAS PART OF THE FOUNDING.

GORDON BELIEVED IN BUILDING AN INSTITUTE THAT ACTUALLY WOULD BETTER SOCIETY THROUGH THE USE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

WE ARE GOING TO HIT A GOAL OF 1 MILLION STUDENTS A YEAR TO IMPACT AROUND THE COUNTRY.

>> AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER FOUNDATION.

BOUNDLESS ENERGY FOR BRIGHTER FUTURES.

AND VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.